Witnesses who saw the new moon — even on Shabbos
Beyond the techum
Techum: 2,000 amos past the town
Even riding, even carrying food
For two months they may break Shabbos: Nisan and Tishrei
Permissivethey — the witnesses who saw the new moon — may be mechallel Shabbos, violating Shabbos so that they can testify before the Sanhedrin — for Nisan and for Tishrei,
The witnesses — not the messengers
→ Nisan and Tishrei
Then the messengers go as far as Surya
The road to Bavel
Declared on Shabbos — the messengers leave Motzaei Shabbos
Taanis 1:3: fifteen days for the last to reach the Euphrates
While the Mikdash stood: every month — for the korban of Rosh Chodesh
Permissivethey were mechallel Shabbos for all of them,
→ for all of them
Reasonbecause of the ordering of the korban.
Rosh Hashana 1:4
Chillul Shabbos for the Rosh Chodesh Eidim
חִלּוּל שַׁבָּת לְעֵדֵי הַחֹדֶשׁ
עַל שְׁנֵי חֳדָשִׁים מְחַלְּלִין אֶת הַשַּׁבָּת,
עַל נִיסָן וְעַל תִּשְׁרֵי,
שֶׁבָּהֶן הַשְּׁלוּחִין יוֹצְאִין לְסוּרְיָא, וּבָהֶן מְתַקְּנִין אֶת הַמּוֹעֲדוֹת.
וּכְשֶׁהָיָה בֵית הַמִּקְדָּשׁ קַיָּם,
מְחַלְּלִין אַף עַל כֻּלָּן מִפְּנֵי תַקָּנַת הַקָּרְבָּן.