Yoma 3:2 — Immersion and washing before the Avodah

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Mishnah 23 of 41
אִם אֶשְׁכָּחֵךְ יְרוּשָׁלָיִם
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נושא · Topicטְבִילָה וְקִדּוּשׁ לִפְנֵי הָעֲבוֹדָהImmersion and washing before the Avodah
This Mishnah is:a rulewhat does that mean?
Mishnah יומא ג׳:ב׳ · Yoma 3:2
וְלָמָה הֻצְרְכוּ לְכָךְ,
שֶׁפַּעַם אַחַת עָלָה מְאוֹר הַלְּבָנָה וְדִמּוּ שֶׁהֵאִיר מִזְרָח,
וְשָׁחֲטוּ אֶת הַתָּמִיד,
וְהוֹצִיאוּהוּ לְבֵית הַשְּׂרֵפָה.
הוֹרִידוּ כֹהֵן גָּדוֹל לְבֵית הַטְּבִילָה.
זֶה הַכְּלָל הָיָה בַמִּקְדָּשׁ,
כָּל הַמֵּסֵךְ אֶת רַגְלָיו טָעוּן טְבִילָה,
וְכָל הַמַּטִּיל מַיִם טָעוּן קִדּוּשׁ יָדַיִם וְרַגְלָיִם.
Why was this necessary?
Once, the moonlight rose and they thought the east had lit up,
and they slaughtered the tamid,
and had to take it out to the place of burning.
They brought the Kohein Gadol down to the immersion-house.
This was the rule in the Mikdash:
whoever defecated requires immersion;
and whoever urinated requires washing of hands and feet.
A reading aid, not an exact translation.

This English is a clause-by-clause rendering to help you follow the Hebrew. It is not word-for-word literal, and it is not a transcript of the recorded shiur — the audio carries explanation and context the translation deliberately leaves out.

case/objectrestrictive rulingpermissive rulinggeneral rule
Structure
The Mishnah's Structure
עָלָה מְאוֹר הַלְּבָנָה the moon's light rose… וְדִמּוּ שֶׁהֵאִיר מִזְרָח …and they thought the east was alight מִזְרָח true dawn א טָעוּ בָּאוֹר ב שָׁחֲטוּ אֶת הַתָּמִיד ג וְהוֹצִיאוּהוּ לְבֵית הַשְּׂרֵפָה ד לָמָּה הֻצְרְכוּ לְכָךְ — the lookout one mistaken dawn — and a korban burned — is why a watchman calls the morning
the false dawn — moonlight mistaken for sunrise
Summary Chart
Immersion and washing before the Avodah
CaseRulingReason
Why was the dawn confirmed by a lookout?Once the moonlight was mistaken for dawn; they slaughtered the tamid too early and had to burn it
What does one who defecated require before the Avodah?Immersion (tevilah)
And one who urinated?Washing of the hands and feet (kiddush)
Transcript
A machine transcript of the recorded shiur.

This is the shiur as spoken, transcribed automatically and left unedited — the wording is Ephraim's, and occasional transcription errors remain. It follows the audio word by word.

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Mishnah Insights
An amalgam of commentaries, including original insights.

These insights draw on the commentaries to this Mishnah and on the recorded shiur. Those commentaries often rest on earlier sources — the Gemara, the Yerushalmi, the Rishonim, and one another — without always saying so; where they do, we generally cite the one we read. Every commentary consulted is kept, verbatim, with this card.

The moon that ruined a tamid, and the Mikdash's exacting readiness

This story is not set on Yom Kippur

Bartenura notes what is easy to miss: the episode of the moon mistaken for dawn was not on Yom Kippur — on the tenth of the month the moon cannot rise near daybreak. It is a general Mikdash episode, brought here only to explain why a watchman was later posted to call the true sunrise.

עוֹלָמוֹ שֶׁל הַמִּשְׁנָה
Moonlight and the true dawn

Each morning the lookout was put as a question — had the light spread in the east as far as Chevron? (Mishnat Eretz Yisrael). The Gemara (Yoma 28b, in Melekhet Shelomoh) asks how the moon’s light could be taken for it: a shaft of moonlight climbs straight up like a staff, while the dawn breaks and spreads across the sky, so the two do not resemble one another. Its answer is that this was an overcast morning, when the sun’s light too came broken and patchy between the clouds, and the risen moon passed for the spreading dawn.

Why a kohein washed after relieving himself

To the mishnah’s standing rule — one who relieved himself immerses, one who passed water washes his hands and feet — the Gemara (via Rashi) adds a reason for the washing: the kohein rubs the drops from his feet so that he not appear physically unfit, which could cast an unfair doubt on the legitimacy of his children.

Series Insights
Series context

Where this sits

With the mishnah that follows it, this opens a picture of how exacting the Mikdash was about a kohein’s readiness to serve — a discipline of immersion and washing before drawing near to the avodah. The Churban did not relax that standard so much as remove the place that demanded it.