Rosh Hashana 1:1 — The Four Roshei Shanah

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The Four Roshei Shanah

אַרְבָּעָה רָאשֵׁי שָׁנִים
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Mishnah ראש השנה א׳:א׳ · Rosh Hashana 1:1
אַרְבָּעָה רָאשֵׁי שָׁנִים הֵם.
בְּאֶחָד בְּנִיסָן רֹאשׁ הַשָּׁנָה לַמְּלָכִים וְלָרְגָלִים.
בְּאֶחָד בֶּאֱלוּל רֹאשׁ הַשָּׁנָה לְמַעְשַׂר בְּהֵמָה.
רַבִּי אֶלְעָזָר וְרַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן אוֹמְרִים, בְּאֶחָד בְּתִשְׁרֵי.
בְּאֶחָד בְּתִשְׁרֵי רֹאשׁ הַשָּׁנָה לַשָּׁנִים וְלַשְּׁמִטִּין וְלַיּוֹבְלוֹת, לַנְּטִיעָה וְלַיְרָקוֹת.
בְּאֶחָד בִּשְׁבָט, רֹאשׁ הַשָּׁנָה לָאִילָן, כְּדִבְרֵי בֵית שַׁמַּאי.
בֵּית הִלֵּל אוֹמְרִים, בַּחֲמִשָּׁה עָשָׂר בּוֹ:
There are four new years.
On the first of Nisan — the new year for kings and for the regalim (the three pilgrimage festivals).
On the first of Elul — the new year for maaser behema, the tithe of animals.
R' Elazar and R' Shimon say: It is on the first of Tishrei.
On the first of Tishrei — the new year for counting years, for shemittah and yovel, for planting, and for the tithe of vegetables.
On the first of Shevat — the new year for the tree, so say Beis Shammai.
Beis Hillel say: It is on the fifteenth of it.

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הֲדַרָן עֲלָךְ מַסֶּכֶת רֹאשׁ הַשָּׁנָה
A siyum · Masechta Rosh Hashana

You have learned every Mishnah of Rosh Hashana — all 43 steps, from the four new years through the tefillos of the day. Hadran alach: we will return to you.