The Lived Mishnah·A Zeman Nakat Project
Tisha B'Av Series
Mishnah 38 of 41
אִם אֶשְׁכָּחֵךְ יְרוּשָׁלָיִם
Part IV · Movement IV
What the Destruction Relaxed
Some rules were tightened only for the Temple’s sake — a safeguard against error, a market regulation, a mourning cutoff. With the Mikdash gone, the need fell away, and these mishnayos record the practices being eased back.
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נושא · Topicקַבָּלַת עֵדוּת הַחֹדֶשׁAccepting the new-moon witnesses' testimony
Mishnah ראש השנה ד׳:ד׳ · Rosh Hashana 4:4
בָּרִאשׁוֹנָה הָיוּ מְקַבְּלִין עֵדוּת הַחֹדֶשׁ כָּל הַיּוֹם.
פַּעַם אַחַת נִשְׁתַּהוּ הָעֵדִים מִלָּבֹא, וְנִתְקַלְקְלוּ הַלְוִיִּם בַּשִּׁיר.
הִתְקִינוּ שֶׁלֹּא יְהוּ מְקַבְּלִין אֶלָּא עַד הַמִּנְחָה.
וְאִם בָּאוּ עֵדִים מִן הַמִּנְחָה וּלְמַעְלָה, נוֹהֲגִין אוֹתוֹ הַיּוֹם קֹדֶשׁ וּלְמָחָר קֹדֶשׁ.
מִשֶּׁחָרַב בֵּית הַמִּקְדָּשׁ הִתְקִין רַבָּן יוֹחָנָן בֶּן זַכַּאי,
שֶׁיְּהוּ מְקַבְּלִין עֵדוּת הַחֹדֶשׁ כָּל הַיּוֹם.
אָמַר רַבִּי יְהוֹשֻׁעַ בֶּן קָרְחָה,
וְעוֹד זֹאת הִתְקִין רַבָּן יוֹחָנָן בֶּן זַכַּאי,
שֶׁאֲפִלּוּ רֹאשׁ בֵּית דִּין בְּכָל מָקוֹם, שֶׁלֹּא יְהוּ הָעֵדִים הוֹלְכִין אֶלָּא לִמְקוֹם הַוָּעַד.
Originally they would accept the new-moon testimony all day.
Once, the witnesses were delayed in coming, and the Leviim were confounded in the shir.
They enacted that testimony be accepted only until Minchah.
And if witnesses came from Minchah onward, they would treat that day as holy and the next day as holy.
After the Beis HaMikdash was destroyed, Rabban Yochanan ben Zakkai enacted
that the new-moon testimony be accepted all day.
Said Rabbi Yehoshua ben Karcha:
Rabban Yochanan ben Zakkai also enacted
that even if the head of the beis din is elsewhere, the witnesses go only to the place of assembly.
case/objectrestrictive rulingpermissive rulingTannacondition
Transcript
Summary Chart
Accepting the new-moon witnesses' testimony
CaseRulingReason
Until when in the day is the new-moon testimony accepted?While the Beis HaMikdash stood (originally): All day
After the Leviim erred in the shir: Only until Minchah
After the Churban — Rabban Yochanan ben Zakkai: All day — reverting to the original rule
Where must the witnesses go?Rabbi Yehoshua ben Karcha (citing RYBZ): Only to the place of assembly — even if the head of the beis din is elsewhere
All Meforshim
Mishnah Insights
Why new-moon testimony was capped at Minchah — and reopened after the Churban
עֲשֵׂה לְךָ רַב
R' Yehoshua ben Korcha · Dor 4 · Usha — רַבִּי יְהוֹשֻׁעַ בֶּן קָרְחָה

A tanna of the Usha generation, of the circle of R’ Meir, R’ Yehuda, and R’ Yosi. His best-known teaching sets the order of the Shema: ‘V’ahavta’ is read before ‘V’haya im shamoa’ so that one first takes on the yoke of Heaven and only then the yoke of the mitzvos (Berachos 2:2). Here he preserves a further ordinance of Rabban Yochanan ben Zakkai, carrying the beis din’s new authority a step further.

עוֹלָמוֹ שֶׁל הַמִּשְׁנָה
The Leviim's afternoon song

At the afternoon tamid the Leviim sang a set shir, but on a day that might turn into Rosh Chodesh they could not know which one: the weekday psalm, if no witnesses came and the day stayed chol, or the added Rosh Chodesh song, if witnesses arrived (Bartenura, Rambam). One afternoon they waited on late witnesses, were caught between the two, and sang nothing at all.

Why testimony was capped at Minchah

A late arrival threatened the day’s other loss too: the Rosh Chodesh Musaf could be too late to bring. To head off both, the Sages capped new-moon testimony at Minchah; and if witnesses still came afterward, that day and the next were both kept as Rosh Chodesh (Bartenura).

The reversion after the Churban

With the Mikdash gone, neither the Musaf nor the shir was at stake, so Rabban Yochanan ben Zakkai restored the original rule that testimony is accepted all day. R’ Yehoshua ben Korcha adds a second ordinance: the witnesses go to the appointed place even when the head of the beis din is elsewhere — fixing the beis din itself, as an institution, as the center, no longer tied to any one leader.

Series Insights
Series context

Where this sits

This is the third kind of post-Churban change: not preserving or expanding, but relaxing. The Minchah cutoff was a safeguard for the day’s korbanos and the Leviim’s song; once the Mikdash fell, those concerns fell with it, and Rabban Yochanan ben Zakkai returned the law to what it had been — testimony accepted all day.

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